Course Description
Sure! Here is a summary of key grammar concepts typically covered at the B1 level in Chinese (Mandarin):

1. *Complex Sentence Structures*
– *Complex Sentences*: Combining multiple simple sentences using conjunctions.
– Example: 他喜欢看书，也喜欢听音乐。(Tā xǐhuān kànshū, yě xǐhuān tīng yīnyuè.) – He likes to read books and also likes to listen to music.
– *Subordinate Clauses*: Using “的” to link clauses.
– Example: 我昨天买的书很好看。(Wǒ zuótiān mǎi de shū hěn hǎokàn.) – The book I bought yesterday is very interesting.

2. *Resultative Complements*
– *Resultative Complements*: Verbs followed by a complement that shows the result of the action.
– Example: 吃完 (chī wán) – finish eating
– Example: 看见 (kànjiàn) – see (as a result of looking)
– Example: 听到 (tīngdào) – hear (as a result of listening)
– Example: 做好 (zuò hǎo) – complete (doing something well)

3. *Aspect Particles*
– *了 (le)*: Indicates completed action or a change of state.
– Example: 我吃了饭。(Wǒ chī le fàn.) – I have eaten.
– *着 (zhe)*: Indicates an ongoing action or state.
– Example: 门开着。(Mén kāi zhe.) – The door is open.
– *过 (guò)*: Indicates a past experience.
– Example: 我去过北京。(Wǒ qù guò Běijīng.) – I have been to Beijing.

4. *Directional Complements*
– *Directional Complements*: Verbs followed by another verb indicating direction.
– Example: 上来 (shàng lái) – come up
– Example: 进去 (jìn qù) – go in
– Example: 回去 (huí qù) – go back

5. *Complex Negation*
– *没有 (méiyǒu)*: Indicates something has not happened.
– Example: 我没有吃早饭。(Wǒ méiyǒu chī zǎofàn.) – I did not eat breakfast.
– *还没 (hái méi)*: Indicates something has not happened yet.
– Example: 我还没做完作业。(Wǒ hái méi zuò wán zuòyè.) – I haven’t finished my homework yet.

6. *Comparative Structures*
– *比 (bǐ)*: Used for comparisons.
– Example: 他比我高。(Tā bǐ wǒ gāo.) – He is taller than me.
– *没有 (méiyǒu)*: Indicates inferiority in comparison.
– Example: 这个没有那个好。(Zhège méiyǒu nàgè hǎo.) – This one is not as good as that one.
– *更 (gèng)*: Used to indicate “more” or “even more”.
– Example: 这个更好。(Zhège gèng hǎo.) – This one is better.

7. *Time Expressions*
– *以来 (yǐlái)*: Since
– Example: 自从去年以来，我一直在学习中文。(Zìcóng qùnián yǐlái, wǒ yīzhí zài xuéxí Zhōngwén.) – Since last year, I have been studying Chinese.
– *以前 (yǐqián)* and *以后 (yǐhòu)*: Before and after
– Example: 吃饭以前洗手。(Chīfàn yǐqián xǐ shǒu.) – Wash hands before eating.
– Example: 吃饭以后休息。(Chīfàn yǐhòu xiūxí.) – Rest after eating.

8. *Complex Measure Words*
– *次 (cì)*: Used for frequency (number of times)
– Example: 我去过两次北京。(Wǒ qù guò liǎng cì Běijīng.) – I have been to Beijing twice.
– *遍 (biàn)*: Indicates the entire course of an action from beginning to end.
– Example: 请再说一遍。(Qǐng zài shuō yí biàn.) – Please say it again.

9. *Relative Clauses*
– Using 的 to form relative clauses.
– Example: 我喜欢的书 (wǒ xǐhuān de shū) – the book that I like
– Example: 他买的苹果 (tā mǎi de píngguǒ) – the apple he bought

10. *Auxiliary Verbs*
– *应该 (yīnggāi)*: Should
– Example: 你应该学习。(Nǐ yīnggāi xuéxí.) – You should study.
– *可以 (kěyǐ)*: Can, may
– Example: 你可以走了。(Nǐ kěyǐ zǒu le.) – You can leave now.
– *需要 (xūyào)*: Need
– Example: 我需要帮助。(Wǒ xūyào bāngzhù.) – I need help.

11. *Descriptive Complements*
– *得 (de)*: Used to describe the manner of the action.
– Example: 她跑得很快。(Tā pǎo de hěn kuài.) – She runs very fast.

12. *Expressing Emotions and Opinions*
– *觉得 (juéde)*: Feel, think
– Example: 我觉得这个很好。(Wǒ juéde zhège hěn hǎo.) – I think this is good.
– *认为 (rènwéi)*: Believe, consider
– Example: 我认为他是对的。(Wǒ rènwéi tā shì duì de.) – I believe he is right.

13. *Conditional Sentences*
– *如果 (rúguǒ) … 就 (jiù)*: If … then
– Example: 如果下雨，我们就不去。(Rúguǒ xiàyǔ, wǒmen jiù bù qù.) – If it rains, then we won’t go.

14. *Reported Speech*
– *说 (shuō)*: Say
– Example: 他说他明天来。(Tā shuō tā míngtiān lái.) – He said he will come tomorrow.
– *告诉 (gàosu)*: Tell
– Example: 他告诉我他喜欢这本书。(Tā gàosu wǒ tā xǐhuān zhè běn shū.) – He told me he likes this book.

15. *Intermediate Conjunctions*
– *不仅 (bùjǐn) … 而且 (érqiě)*: Not only … but also
– Example: 他不仅聪明，而且很努力。(Tā bùjǐn cōngmíng, érqiě hěn nǔlì.) – He is not only smart but also very hardworking.
– *虽然 (suīrán) … 但是 (dànshì)*: Although … but
– Example: 虽然他很忙，但是他来了。(Suīrán tā hěn máng, dànshì tā lái le.) – Although he is very busy, he came.

16. *Causative Structures*
– *让 (ràng)*: Make, let
– Example: 这本书让我很感动。(Zhè běn shū ràng wǒ hěn gǎndòng.) – This book moved me.

17. *Quantifiers and Intensifiers*
– *非常 (fēicháng)*: Very, extremely
– Example: 这个非常好。(Zhège fēicháng hǎo.) – This is very good.
– *挺 (tǐng)*: Quite, rather
– Example: 他挺高的。(Tā tǐng gāo de.) – He is quite tall.
– *差不多 (chàbùduō)*: Almost, nearly
– Example: 这里和那里差不多。(Zhèlǐ hé nàlǐ chàbùduō.) – Here and there are almost the same.

18. *Basic Idiomatic Expressions*
– *马马虎虎 (mǎmǎhūhū)*: So-so, just okay
– Example: 你今天怎么样？马马虎虎。(Nǐ jīntiān zěnmeyàng? Mǎmǎhūhū.) – How are you today? So-so.
– *一会儿 (yíhuìr)*: A little while
– Example: 我们一会儿见。(Wǒmen yíhuìr jiàn.) – See you in a little while.

19. *Expressions of Duration*
– *Verb + Time Duration*